Electrical Stimulation

1. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is stimulating denervated muscles to maintain muscle viability.
2. Electrical stimulation for tissue repair (ESTR) uses electrical stimulation for edema reduction, enhancement of circulation, and wound management.
3. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is stimulation of innervated muscle to restore muscle function and includes muscle strengthening, spasm reduction, atrophy prevention, and muscle re-education.
4. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) activates muscles with electrical stimulation to perform functional activities.
5. Electrical stimulation can be used for pain management.